Divine Aleru, Microbiome Signatures Research Coordinator

This review established metronidazole as the standard treatment for giardiasis, highlighting its microbial mechanism, resistance patterns, and microbiome-disruptive potential. The authors call for individualized, microbiome-aware therapy that balances efficacy with host-microbial homeostasis.

This clinical trial found that metronidazole significantly reduced inflammation—especially ESR and IL-6 levels—in COVID-19 pneumonia. The results support its immunomodulatory effects beyond infection control and encourage its careful use as a microbiome-sensitive anti-inflammatory agent.

This study demonstrated that metronidazole reduces inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a murine model, suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties are independent of antimicrobial action. These findings highlight its potential in microbiome-modulating therapies for non-infectious inflammation.

This study shows metronidazole significantly reduces inflammation and blood loss in NSAID enteropathy. It likely acts by targeting anaerobic microbes that drive neutrophil-mediated damage, offering a microbiome-relevant intervention for small intestinal injury.

This review dissected the metabolism, cytotoxic intermediates, and resistance mechanisms of metronidazole. It confirmed its microbial dependence for activation, its broad microbiome-disruptive potential, and the emerging resistance pathways beyond nim genes—emphasizing a shift toward targeted, microbiome-sparing alternatives in clinical practice.

This review confirms metronidazole’s high efficacy in treating GI protozoal infections while raising microbiome and resistance concerns. Its targeted use remains standard in acute infections, but clinicians should monitor duration and microbial consequences to reduce long-term harm and support stewardship.

This review explores metronidazole’s clinical efficacy, safety concerns, and microbiome impact. It confirms its value in treating anaerobic infections but highlights potential neurotoxic and genotoxic risks. The review calls for more human studies and microbiome-focused evaluations to guide safer, more targeted antimicrobial use.

This randomized trial showed oral metronidazole matched IV administration in preventing infections after open appendectomy for nonperforated appendicitis, suggesting a cost-effective and microbiome-conscious alternative.

Lactoferrin effectively inhibits Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens via iron sequestration and membrane disruption, with microbiome-preserving potential.

Lactoferrin supports vaginal microbiome balance by inhibiting pathogens and enhancing Lactobacillus colonization, with immunomodulatory effects.

This 22-year review maps lactoferrin’s antibacterial research, highlighting its pathogen-specific inhibition, microbiome support, and clinical promise.

Lactoferrin blocks viral entry, activates immune responses, and reduces the severity of common infections, making it a promising preventive tool.

This review found oral lactoferrin to be safe and potentially beneficial in viral infections, but clinical outcomes remain inconsistent.

Lactoferrin and its peptides block pathogen virulence, reduce toxin production, and disrupt biofilms, offering a microbiome-safe antimicrobial strategy.

This study shows lactoferrin is broadly antifungal against yeasts and synergizes potently with amphotericin B, even in resistant strains. It disrupts fungal virulence and reduces drug burden, highlighting its therapeutic potential.

What was reviewed? This review examined the antifungal properties of lactoferrin (Lf) and its derived peptides, especially lactoferricin, lactoferrampin, and Lf(1–11), highlighting their mechanisms of action and potential for synergistic use with antifungal drugs. The paper consolidated findings from multiple in vitro and some in vivo studies to explain how these molecules exert direct antifungal […]

Lactoferrin prevents viral entry by binding to host cell receptors and viral particles, reducing apoptosis and inflammation while preserving microbiome stability.

This review explores lactoferrin’s anti-nociceptive potential through key neuroimmune pathways and highlights its utility as an adjunct to opioids. Its mechanistic effects on TRAF6–NFκB, NO–cGMP, and opioid receptors support its role in microbiome-relevant pain modulation.

This review highlights lactoferrin’s role as a dual-function immune modulator in microbial infections. It influences inflammation, supports microbiome balance, and enhances barrier integrity, with applications ranging from gut sepsis to respiratory infections and inflammatory diseases.

This review outlines lactoferrin’s dual function in modulating energy metabolism, including glucose control, lipid regulation, and microbiome interaction, positioning it as a safe, multifunctional nutraceutical for managing metabolic disorders.

This review highlights lactoferrin’s potent role in regulating iron metabolism in cancer, reducing oxidative stress, and restoring gut microbiota balance—making it a promising adjunct in oncologic care, especially in managing cancer-related anemia and inflammation.

This review outlines lactoferrin’s potent antioxidant, iron-regulating, and neuroprotective effects across systems. It underscores its therapeutic potential in oxidative stress-related diseases and its modulatory role in microbiome dynamics and host immunity.

This review details how lactoferrin modulates inflammation, recruits immune cells, and bridges innate and adaptive responses—supporting its role as a microbiome-relevant therapeutic agent.

This review highlights lactoferrin’s prebiotic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory roles in gut health, showcasing its potential as a therapeutic adjunct for microbiome-targeted interventions, especially in conditions involving dysbiosis and inflammation.