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Clostridium perfringens can double in as little as 8–12 minutes under optimal conditions, making it one of the fastest-growing pathogenic bacteria.
Clostridium perfringens
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
Read MoreI am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Clostridium perfringens is a fast-growing, Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe and a major toxin-mediated pathogen affecting humans and animals. Widely distributed in soil, food, and gastrointestinal microbiota, it causes diseases ranging from food poisoning and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea to life-threatening clostridial myonecrosis. Its pathogenicity is driven by diverse plasmid-encoded toxins, including α-toxin, enterotoxin, and perfringolysin O, while conjugative mobile genetic elements facilitate rapid dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits. Genome-informed toxinotyping and molecular surveillance are therefore essential for accurate risk assessment, clinical management, and outbreak control.
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Researched by:
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
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Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
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Overview 
Metallomics 
Interventions 
Research Feed 
References Overview
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming anaerobe widely distributed in soils, sewage, and food, and commonly present within the gastrointestinal microbiota of humans and animals.[1] The organism is associated with diverse systemic and enteric diseases, including clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene), food poisoning, non-foodborne diarrhoea/antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, and economically important veterinary syndromes such as enterotoxaemias and necrotic enteritis.[2] It is notable for rapid proliferation under optimal conditions (generation times reported as 8–12 min at 43 °C and 12–17 min at 37 °C in optimal media) and for a large accessory genome, including plasmids that frequently encode toxins and related traits.[3][4] Genome-scale analyses describe low G+C content, approximately 27–28% and genome sizes spanning roughly 3.0–4.1 Mb, consistent with substantial strain-level diversity.[5][6] At the population level, plasmid exchange via conjugation is a key driver of medically important traits, which has two practical consequences: risk assessment requires gene-based toxinotyping (A–G) or genome-informed profiling rather than relying on species identification alone, and interventions must anticipate ongoing horizontal transfer of virulence and AMR determinants.[7][8]
Antibiotic resistance
AMR in C. perfringens is best understood as mobile-element mediated and ecology dependent: resistance determinants circulate in both clinical and agricultural reservoirs, and frequently reside on conjugative plasmids or integrative/conjugative elements.[9] Tetracycline resistance is a recurring theme. The conjugative plasmid pCW3 is a paradigm example, carrying a distinctive tet(P) locus with overlapping tetA(P)/tetB(P) genes that provide resistance via different mechanisms; pCW3 is also widely used as a model for conjugative plasmid biology in this species.[10] In addition, the conjugative transposon family typified by Tn916 can transfer tetracycline resistance genes (notably tetM) to C. perfringens, illustrating that AMR acquisition is not restricted to plasmids.[11] Beyond tetracycline, macrolide–lincosamide resistance (e.g., clindamycin) is clinically significant because protein-synthesis inhibitors are deployed to suppress toxin production in life-threatening infection: IDSA notes that a minority of C. perfringens strains are clindamycin resistant and therefore recommends penicillin plus clindamycin (rather than relying on clindamycin alone) for clostridial myonecrosis.[12] AMR should be interpreted as a dynamic trait entangled with virulence ecology: toxin and AMR genes can coexist on transmissible plasmids across toxinotypes, so surveillance and outbreak investigations benefit from paired toxin/AMR genotyping or whole-genome sequencing rather than phenotypic susceptibility alone.
Pathogenicity
C. perfringens pathogenicity is toxin-led and context dependent: disease phenotype depends on toxin gene content, regulation, including sporulation-linked toxin expression in the gut, and the microenvironment encountered, such as oxygen tension, protease milieu, and bile acid composition.[13] In histotoxic infection, contamination of traumatic wounds with spores or vegetative cells and the presence of damaged ischemic tissue facilitate rapid outgrowth and toxin production; molecular and animal-model evidence supports α-toxin as a central driver, and multiple studies demonstrate synergy between α-toxin and perfringolysin O (PFO) in producing key features of gas gangrene.[14][15] Enteric disease reflects different biology: in type F illness, vegetative cells sporulate in the intestine and produce CPE, which is released into the intestinal lumen when the mother cell lyses at the end of sporulation; CPE binds claudins and forms oligomeric pores that disrupt epithelial barrier function and cause diarrhoeal disease.[16] In poultry necrotic enteritis, the pathogenic determinant set shifts: NetB is an essential pore-forming toxin in validated chicken models (netB mutants are avirulent and complementation restores lesions), supporting NetB as a targeted vaccine/diagnostic focus.[17] In ruminants, ε-toxin (types B/D) is a key driver of enterotoxaemia, with structural studies resolving its pore architecture and supporting mechanistic links between toxin, tissue targeting, and rapid systemic effects.[18]
Morphology
C. perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming Gram-positive bacillus; however, strain-level risk and clinical interpretation are poorly predicted by morphology alone, so diagnostics routinely use toxin-associated reactions and gene detection.[19] The α-toxin (lecithinase) underpins Nagler’s reaction on egg-yolk agar, where the characteristic opacity is specifically neutralised on antitoxin-containing media, and the reverse CAMP test using Streptococcus agalactiae can generate a characteristic “bow-tie” zone because of synergistic haemolysis.[20] Sporulation adds a critical morphological/physiological dimension: spores confer environmental persistence and contribute to transmission, while in the gastrointestinal context sporulation is mechanistically tied to CPE production and release.[21][22] Spore germination is not generic but chemically cued: small-molecule germinants (including amino acids, salts, and bile acids) trigger transitions to vegetative growth, connecting “morphology” (spore vs vegetative state) directly to epidemiology and pathogenesis.[23]
Virulence Factors
Virulence in C. perfringens reflects coordinated action of membrane-damaging toxins and “spreading” enzymes, with major toxin genes often plasmid-encoded and disease expression shaped by regulatory state, notably sporulation for CPE.
| Virulence Factor | Description and Role in Pathogenicity |
|---|---|
| α-toxin (CPA; cpa/plc) | Secreted collagenase facilitates tissue invasion and spread; colA mutants used to test contribution to myonecrosis models.[24] |
| Perfringolysin O (PFO; θ-toxin; pfoA) | Cholesterol-dependent cytolysin forming large pores; contributes to tissue injury and inflammatory signalling; synergises with CPA in myonecrosis.[25] |
| Enterotoxin (CPE; cpe) | Sporulation-associated, claudin-binding β-pore-forming toxin causing food poisoning and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea via epithelial injury/tight-junction disruption.[26][27] |
| β-toxin (CPB; cpb) | Pore-forming toxin key to type C necrotising enteritis/enterocolitis; severe mucosal/vascular injury, modulated by intestinal proteases.[28] |
| ε-toxin (ETX; etx) | Potent toxin in type D (major veterinary disease); binding and pore formation enable systemic organ injury after intestinal production/absorption.[29][30] |
| ι-toxin (ITX; iap/ibp) | Binary toxin (ADP-ribosylating activity) associated with type E disease; contributes to cytoskeletal disruption and enteric pathology in susceptible hosts.[31] |
| NetB (netB) | Pore-forming toxin defining type G strains; required/strongly linked to poultry necrotic enteritis pathogenesis.[32][33][34] |
| Collagenase / κ-toxin (ColA; colA) | Secreted collagenase facilitates tissue invasion and spread; colA mutants are used to test the contribution to myonecrosis models.[35] |
| Sialidase NanI (nanI) | Glycosidase enhancing intestinal colonisation and potentiating toxin action (including CPE) by modifying host glycoconjugates and toxin–cell interactions.[36] |
Metallomics
Metal and ion biology shapes C. perfringens virulence (metal-dependent toxins/enzymes), growth (iron acquisition in host tissues), and environmental resilience (spore stability and stress responses), implying that trace-element availability and metal-binding proteins can influence both disease severity and intervention outcomes.
| Metal / Ion | Key Features in C. perfringens |
|---|---|
| Zinc (Zn²⁺) | Central to α-toxin as a zinc metalloenzyme; zinc dependence implies sensitivity to metal chelation in principle.[37] |
| Calcium (Ca²⁺) | Required for α-toxin membrane binding via its C-terminal domain; calcium-dependent interactions promote host membrane targeting.[38] |
| Iron (Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺; heme-iron) | Genome encodes multiple iron acquisition systems (including FeoAB ferrous uptake and heme transport loci); supports growth in iron-limited host.[39] |
| Magnesium (Mg²⁺) | Required broadly for ribosome function and nucleic-acid chemistry[40] |
| Sodium / potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) | Ion gradients and membrane integrity are key toxin targets; pore-forming toxins collapse ionic homeostasis, linking ion physiology to cytotoxicity.[41] |
Vulnerabilities
C. perfringens vulnerabilities arise from heavy dependence on regulated toxin expression, tightly cued spore germination, and access to host metals—particularly iron/heme. These vulnerabilities map to prevention and to “anti-virulence” strategies that aim to disarm toxins or colonisation factors rather than insist on sterilising tissues.
| Vulnerability of C. perfringens | Potential Therapeutic/Preventive Opportunity |
|---|---|
| α-toxin dependence of classical myonecrosis pathology | Neutralising antibodies/toxoids or subunit immunogens; α-toxin C-domain immunisation protects in mice, supporting toxin neutralisation as a vulnerability (human translation not established).[42] |
| Sporulation-linked CPE production | Anti-sporulation or sporulation-timing interference could reduce CPE release into the gut; an upstream vulnerability for type F disease.[43] |
| Iron/heme acquisition dependence with redundancy | Target FeoB plus heme uptake/processing, or shared regulators; redundancy implies that single-target iron blockade may have a limited effect.[44] |
| VirR/VirS integration of virulence and metabolism | Disabling global regulators can downshift multiple virulence programmes (anti-virulence concept), but specificity and microbiome impacts are major constraints.[45] |
| Metalloenzyme active sites | Active-site inhibitors or localised chelation could limit tissue destruction; evidence is strongest for zinc coordination in α-toxin and metalloprotease motifs in ColA.[46] |
| Spore robustness tied to Ca–DPA and hydration | Food-processing methods that disrupt spore structures or trigger Ca–DPA release can reduce spore viability (food systems focus).[47] |
| Transferable plasmid virulence loci | Limiting conjugative transfer or plasmid maintenance could slow spread of toxin/AMR loci in dense animal-production ecosystems (conceptual/early-stage).[48] |
Interventions
Interventions against C. perfringens must be stratified by disease form: enteric illness is often self-limiting and best prevented through food-system controls, whereas invasive toxin-mediated soft-tissue disease is a surgical emergency requiring immediate source control and antibiotics chosen with toxin biology and local resistance phenotypes in mind.
| Intervention | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Urgent surgical exploration and debridement (suspected myonecrosis) | Removes devitalised hypoxic tissue supporting anaerobic growth and toxin production; reduces bacterial burden and provides essential source control.[49] |
| Broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics (until diagnosis) | Covers polymicrobial necrotising infections and non-clostridial gas-formers until microbiology clarifies aetiology.[50] |
| Penicillin + clindamycin (documented clostridial myonecrosis) | Penicillin provides bactericidal activity; clindamycin adds protein synthesis inhibition to reduce toxin production and is recommended as definitive therapy.[51] |
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) | Intended to suppress anaerobic growth.[52] |
| Molecular toxinotyping (PCR/WGS) | Gene-based typing (A–G) and toxin gene detection improves attribution and supports surveillance/outbreak tracing across reservoirs.[53] |
| Veterinary toxoid vaccination | Maternal vaccination plus sanitation reduces neonatal disease and environmental persistence in endemic settings.[54] |
| Poultry control focused on NetB | NetB is a validated determinant and key diagnostic/vaccine target for avian necrotic enteritis; management also addresses predisposing gut injury (not fully detailed here).[55] |
Research Feed
Clostridium perfringens—Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance
May 25, 2023
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
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An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens
August 6, 2018
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis
December 31, 2021
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential
July 22, 2022
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme
May 19, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater
January 15, 2002
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens
April 12, 2021
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview
May 6, 2022
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: a common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name
June 12, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens
February 5, 2015
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia
June 16, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Antibiotic resistance plasmids and mobile genetic elements of Clostridium perfringens
July 26, 2018
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Functional Identification of Conjugation and Replication Regions of the Tetracycline Resistance Plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens
July 1, 2006
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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IDSA 2014 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
July 15, 2014
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Sporulation and Germination in Clostridial Pathogens
December 19, 2019
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production
December 1, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Surviving Between Hosts: Sporulation and Transmission
October 13, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Effect of zinc and calcium ions on the production of alpha-toxin and proteases by Clostridium perfringens
May 1, 1978
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Functional analysis of an feoB mutant in Clostridium perfringens strain 13
May 10, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS PB6K FOR ALPHA TOXIN PRODUCTION
March 19, 2010
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Mechanisms of Action and Cell Death Associated with Clostridium perfringens Toxins
May 22, 2018
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against Clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis
June 13, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin: Action, Genetics, and Translational Applications
March 16, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Gene regulation by the VirS/VirR system in Clostridium perfringens
June 11, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clostridium perfringens Spore Germination: Characterization of Germinants and Their Receptors
December 14, 2007
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Clostridium perfringens type A–E toxin plasmids
May 1, 2016
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections in the intensive care unit
July 5, 2019
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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A General Overview on the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Applications, Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities
August 24, 2021
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme
October 1, 2019
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Vaccination against Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis in pigs: a field study using an adapted vaccination scheme
August 15, 2019
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber, which increases the amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood and delivered to tissues.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
References
- An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.. Kiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).. (Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.)
- Clostridium perfringens—Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance.. Grenda T, Jarosz A, Sapała M, Grenda A, Patyra E, Kwiatek K.. (Pathogens. 2023; 12(6):768.)
- An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.. Kiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).. (Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.)
- Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis.. Lee, K. W., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2021).. (Vaccines, 10(1), 61.)
- An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.. Kiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).. (Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.)
- Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.. Camargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.)
- First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme.. Mada, T., Ochi, K., Okamoto, M., & Takamatsu, D. (2025).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1580271.)
- Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater.. Shimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T., Ogasawara, N., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., & Hayashi, H. (2002).. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(2), 996–1001.)
- Antibiotic resistance plasmids and mobile genetic elements of Clostridium perfringens.. Adams, V., Han, X., Lyras, D., & Rood, J. I. (2018).. (Plasmid, 99, 32-39.)
- Functional Identification of Conjugation and Replication Regions of the Tetracycline Resistance Plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens.. Bannam TLTeng WLBulach D, Lyras D, Rood JI.. (J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul;188(13):4942-51)
- Functional Identification of Conjugation and Replication Regions of the Tetracycline Resistance Plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens.. Bannam TLTeng WLBulach D, Lyras D, Rood JI.. (J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul;188(13):4942-51)
- Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,. Dennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,. (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview.. Fu, Y.; Alenezi, T.; Sun, X.. (Immuno 2022, 2, 387-407.)
- The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: A common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name.. Shrestha, A., Gohari, I. M., Li, J., Navarro, M., Uzal, F. A., & McClane, B. A. (2024).. (Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR, 88(3), e00140-23.)
- Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.. Yan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).. (MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.)
- New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.. Freedman, J. C., McClane, B. A., & Uzal, F. A. (2016).. (Anaerobe, 41, 27-31.)
- The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: A common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name.. Shrestha, A., Gohari, I. M., Li, J., Navarro, M., Uzal, F. A., & McClane, B. A. (2024).. (Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR, 88(3), e00140-23.)
- Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin: characterization and mode of action.. Sakurai J, Nagahama M, Oda M.. (J Biochem. 2004 Nov;136(5):569-74.)
- Sporulation and Germination in Clostridial Pathogens.. Shen, A., Edwards, A. N., Sarker, M. R., & Paredes-Sabja, D. (2019).. (Microbiology spectrum, 7(6), 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0017-2018.)
- Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production.. Li, J., Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., & McClane, B. A. (2016).. (Microbiology Spectrum, 4(3), 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0022-2015.)
- Surviving Between Hosts: Sporulation and Transmission.. Swick, M. C., Koehler, T. M., & Driks, A. (2016).. (Microbiology Spectrum, 4(4), 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0029-2015.)
- Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.. Camargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production.. Li, J., Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., & McClane, B. A. (2016).. (Microbiology Spectrum, 4(3), 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0022-2015.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.. Freedman, J. C., McClane, B. A., & Uzal, F. A. (2016).. (Anaerobe, 41, 27-31.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.. Yan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).. (MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.)
- Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis.. Lee, K. W., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2021).. (Vaccines, 10(1), 61.)
- Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater.. Shimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T., Ogasawara, N., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., & Hayashi, H. (2002).. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(2), 996–1001.)
- Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.. Camargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.)
- Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.. Camargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.)
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.. Gohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).. (Virulence, 12(1), 723.)
- Effect of zinc and calcium ions on the production of alpha-toxin and proteases by Clostridium perfringens.. Sato H, Yamakawa Y, Ito A, Murata R.. (Infect Immun. 1978 May;20(2):325-33.)
- Functional analysis of an feoB mutant in Clostridium perfringens strain 13.. Awad MM, Cheung JK, Tan JE, McEwan AG, Lyras D, Rood JI.. (Anaerobe. 2016 Oct;41:10-17.)
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS PB6K FOR ALPHA TOXIN PRODUCTION. RYOSUKE MURATA, AKIO YAMAMOTO, SACHIKO SODA, AKIHARU ITO. (Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology, 1965, Volume 18, Issue 4, Pages 189-202)
- Toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against Clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.. Goossens, E., Verherstraeten, S., Valgaeren, B. R., Pardon, B., Timbermont, L., Schauvliege, S., Rodrigo-Mocholí, D., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., Deprez, P. R., & Immerseel, F. V. (2016).. (BMC Veterinary Research, 12, 101.)
- Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin: Action, Genetics, and Translational Applications.. Freedman, J. C., Shrestha, A., & McClane, B. A. (2016).. (Toxins, 8(3), 73.)
- Functional analysis of an feoB mutant in Clostridium perfringens strain 13.. Awad MM, Cheung JK, Tan JE, McEwan AG, Lyras D, Rood JI.. (Anaerobe. 2016 Oct;41:10-17.)
- Gene regulation by the VirS/VirR system in Clostridium perfringens.. Ohtani, K. (2016).. (Anaerobe, 41, 5-9.)
- Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.. Camargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.)
- Clostridium perfringens Spore Germination: Characterization of Germinants and Their Receptors.. Paredes-Sabja, D., Torres, J. A., Setlow, P., & Sarker, M. R. (2007).. (Journal of Bacteriology, 190(4), 1190.)
- Clostridium perfringens type A–E toxin plasmids.. Freedman, J. C., Theoret, J. R., Wisniewski, J. A., Uzal, F. A., Rood, J. I., & McClane, B. A. (2014).. (Research in Microbiology, 166(4), 264.)
- Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,. Dennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,. (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,)
- Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit.. Peetermans, Marijke & Prost, Nicolas & Eckmann, Christian & Norrby-Teglund, Anna & Skrede, Steinar & De Waele, Jan. (2019).. (Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 26.)
- Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,. Dennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,. (Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,)
- A General Overview on the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Applications, Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities.. Ortega, M. A., Fraile-Martinez, O., García-Montero, C., Callejón-Peláez, E., Sáez, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. A., García-Honduvilla, N., Monserrat, J., Álvarez-Mon, M., Bujan, J., & Canals, M. L. (2021).. (Medicina, 57(9), 864.)
- Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme.. Rood, J. I., Adams, V., Lacey, J., Lyras, D., McClane, B. A., Melville, S. B., Moore, R. J., Popoff, M. R., Sarker, M. R., Songer, J. G., Uzal, F. A., & Immerseel, F. V. (2018).. (Anaerobe, 53, 5.)
- Vaccination against Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis in pigs: A field study using an adapted vaccination scheme.. Richard, O. K., Grahofer, A., Nathues, H., & Posthaus, H. (2019).. (Porcine Health Management, 5, 20.)
- Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.. Yan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).. (MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.)
Kiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).
An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.
Read ReviewGrenda T, Jarosz A, Sapała M, Grenda A, Patyra E, Kwiatek K.
Clostridium perfringens—Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance.Pathogens. 2023; 12(6):768.
Read ReviewKiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).
An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.
Read ReviewLee, K. W., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2021).
Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis.Vaccines, 10(1), 61.
Read ReviewKiu, R., & Hall, L. J. (2018).
An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens.Emerging Microbes & Infections, 7(1), 1–15.
Read ReviewCamargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).
Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.
Read ReviewMada, T., Ochi, K., Okamoto, M., & Takamatsu, D. (2025).
First genomic analysis of a Clostridium perfringens strain carrying both the cpe and netB genes and the proposal of an amended toxin-based typing scheme.Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1580271.
Read ReviewShimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T., Ogasawara, N., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., & Hayashi, H. (2002).
Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(2), 996–1001.
Read ReviewAdams, V., Han, X., Lyras, D., & Rood, J. I. (2018).
Antibiotic resistance plasmids and mobile genetic elements of Clostridium perfringens.Plasmid, 99, 32-39.
Read ReviewBannam TLTeng WLBulach D, Lyras D, Rood JI.
Functional Identification of Conjugation and Replication Regions of the Tetracycline Resistance Plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens.J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul;188(13):4942-51
Read ReviewBannam TLTeng WLBulach D, Lyras D, Rood JI.
Functional Identification of Conjugation and Replication Regions of the Tetracycline Resistance Plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens.J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul;188(13):4942-51
Read ReviewDennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewFu, Y.; Alenezi, T.; Sun, X.
Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview.Immuno 2022, 2, 387-407.
Read ReviewShrestha, A., Gohari, I. M., Li, J., Navarro, M., Uzal, F. A., & McClane, B. A. (2024).
The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: A common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR, 88(3), e00140-23.
Read ReviewYan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.
Read ReviewFreedman, J. C., McClane, B. A., & Uzal, F. A. (2016).
New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.Anaerobe, 41, 27-31.
Read ReviewShrestha, A., Gohari, I. M., Li, J., Navarro, M., Uzal, F. A., & McClane, B. A. (2024).
The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: A common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name.Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR, 88(3), e00140-23.
Read ReviewSakurai J, Nagahama M, Oda M.
Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin: characterization and mode of action.J Biochem. 2004 Nov;136(5):569-74.
Shen, A., Edwards, A. N., Sarker, M. R., & Paredes-Sabja, D. (2019).
Sporulation and Germination in Clostridial Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum, 7(6), 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0017-2018.
Read ReviewLi, J., Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., & McClane, B. A. (2016).
Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production.Microbiology Spectrum, 4(3), 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0022-2015.
Read ReviewSwick, M. C., Koehler, T. M., & Driks, A. (2016).
Surviving Between Hosts: Sporulation and Transmission.Microbiology Spectrum, 4(4), 10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0029-2015.
Read ReviewCamargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).
Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewLi, J., Paredes-Sabja, D., Sarker, M. R., & McClane, B. A. (2016).
Clostridium perfringens Sporulation and Sporulation-Associated Toxin Production.Microbiology Spectrum, 4(3), 10.1128/microbiolspec.TBS-0022-2015.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewFreedman, J. C., McClane, B. A., & Uzal, F. A. (2016).
New insights into Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin activation and action on the brain during enterotoxemia.Anaerobe, 41, 27-31.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewYan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.
Read ReviewLee, K. W., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2021).
Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis.Vaccines, 10(1), 61.
Read ReviewShimizu, T., Ohtani, K., Hirakawa, H., Ohshima, K., Yamashita, A., Shiba, T., Ogasawara, N., Hattori, M., Kuhara, S., & Hayashi, H. (2002).
Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(2), 996–1001.
Read ReviewCamargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).
Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.
Read ReviewCamargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).
Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.
Read ReviewGohari, I. M., Navarro, M. A., Li, J., Shrestha, A., Uzal, F., & McClane, B. A. (2021).
Pathogenicity and virulence of Clostridium perfringens.Virulence, 12(1), 723.
Read ReviewSato H, Yamakawa Y, Ito A, Murata R.
Effect of zinc and calcium ions on the production of alpha-toxin and proteases by Clostridium perfringens.Infect Immun. 1978 May;20(2):325-33.
Read ReviewAwad MM, Cheung JK, Tan JE, McEwan AG, Lyras D, Rood JI.
Functional analysis of an feoB mutant in Clostridium perfringens strain 13.Anaerobe. 2016 Oct;41:10-17.
Read ReviewRYOSUKE MURATA, AKIO YAMAMOTO, SACHIKO SODA, AKIHARU ITO
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS PB6K FOR ALPHA TOXIN PRODUCTIONJapanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology, 1965, Volume 18, Issue 4, Pages 189-202
Read ReviewNavarro, M. A., McClane, B. A., & Uzal, F. A. (2018).
Mechanisms of Action and Cell Death Associated with Clostridium perfringens Toxins.Toxins, 10(5), 212.
Read ReviewGoossens, E., Verherstraeten, S., Valgaeren, B. R., Pardon, B., Timbermont, L., Schauvliege, S., Rodrigo-Mocholí, D., Haesebrouck, F., Ducatelle, R., Deprez, P. R., & Immerseel, F. V. (2016).
Toxin-neutralizing antibodies protect against Clostridium perfringens-induced necrosis in an intestinal loop model for bovine necrohemorrhagic enteritis.BMC Veterinary Research, 12, 101.
Read ReviewFreedman, J. C., Shrestha, A., & McClane, B. A. (2016).
Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin: Action, Genetics, and Translational Applications.Toxins, 8(3), 73.
Read ReviewAwad MM, Cheung JK, Tan JE, McEwan AG, Lyras D, Rood JI.
Functional analysis of an feoB mutant in Clostridium perfringens strain 13.Anaerobe. 2016 Oct;41:10-17.
Read ReviewOhtani, K. (2016).
Gene regulation by the VirS/VirR system in Clostridium perfringens.Anaerobe, 41, 5-9.
Read ReviewCamargo, A., Guerrero-Araya, E., Castañeda, S., Vega, L., Cardenas-Alvarez, M. X., Rodríguez, C., Paredes-Sabja, D., Ramírez, J. D., & Muñoz, M. (2022).
Intra-species diversity of Clostridium perfringens: A diverse genetic repertoire reveals its pathogenic potential.Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 952081.
Read ReviewParedes-Sabja, D., Torres, J. A., Setlow, P., & Sarker, M. R. (2007).
Clostridium perfringens Spore Germination: Characterization of Germinants and Their Receptors.Journal of Bacteriology, 190(4), 1190.
Read ReviewFreedman, J. C., Theoret, J. R., Wisniewski, J. A., Uzal, F. A., Rood, J. I., & McClane, B. A. (2014).
Clostridium perfringens type A–E toxin plasmids.Research in Microbiology, 166(4), 264.
Read ReviewDennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,
Read ReviewPeetermans, Marijke & Prost, Nicolas & Eckmann, Christian & Norrby-Teglund, Anna & Skrede, Steinar & De Waele, Jan. (2019).
Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections in the intensive care unit.Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 26.
Read ReviewDennis L. Stevens, Alan L. Bisno, Henry F. Chambers, E. Patchen Dellinger, Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Sherwood L. Gorbach, Jan V. Hirschmann, Sheldon L. Kaplan, Jose G. Montoya, James C. Wade,
Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America,Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 59, Issue 2, 15 July 2014, Pages e10–e52,
Read ReviewOrtega, M. A., Fraile-Martinez, O., García-Montero, C., Callejón-Peláez, E., Sáez, M. A., Álvarez-Mon, M. A., García-Honduvilla, N., Monserrat, J., Álvarez-Mon, M., Bujan, J., & Canals, M. L. (2021).
A General Overview on the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Applications, Mechanisms and Translational Opportunities.Medicina, 57(9), 864.
Read ReviewRood, J. I., Adams, V., Lacey, J., Lyras, D., McClane, B. A., Melville, S. B., Moore, R. J., Popoff, M. R., Sarker, M. R., Songer, J. G., Uzal, F. A., & Immerseel, F. V. (2018).
Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme.Anaerobe, 53, 5.
Read ReviewRichard, O. K., Grahofer, A., Nathues, H., & Posthaus, H. (2019).
Vaccination against Clostridium perfringens type C enteritis in pigs: A field study using an adapted vaccination scheme.Porcine Health Management, 5, 20.
Read ReviewYan, X. X., Porter, C. J., Hardy, S. P., Steer, D., Smith, A. I., Quinsey, N. S., Hughes, V., Cheung, J. K., Keyburn, A. L., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R. J., Bannam, T. L., Whisstock, J. C., & Rood, J. I. (2013).
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens.MBio, 4(1), e00019-13.
Read Review