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A. muciniphila was originally isolated by “starving” fecal microbes on mucin alone. The type strain (Mucᵀ) was obtained by dilution-to-extinction in anaerobic medium where gastric mucin was the sole carbon and nitrogen source, directly demonstrating its niche specialization.
Akkermansia muciniphila
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
Read MoreI am a biochemist with a deep curiosity for the human microbiome and how it shapes human health, and I enjoy making microbiome science more accessible through research and writing. With 2 years experience in microbiome research, I have curated microbiome studies, analyzed microbial signatures, and now focus on interventions as a Microbiome Signatures and Interventions Research Coordinator.
Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucus-layer specialist that has shifted from “odd gut commensal” to one of the most mechanistically characterized next-generation probiotic candidates. First isolated from human feces using gastric mucin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, it is adapted to life at the mucus–epithelium interface, where it converts host mucins into metabolites (notably acetate and propionate) that can feed other microbes and influence host physiology. Its genome encodes an unusually rich secretome for mucin foraging, dozens of predicted glycoside hydrolases, sulfatases, proteases, and sialidases, supporting stepwise dismantling of complex O-glycans and the mucin backbone.
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Divine Aleru
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Researched by:
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Divine Aleru
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Divine Aleru
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Microbiome Signatures identifies and validates condition-specific microbiome shifts and interventions to accelerate clinical translation. Our multidisciplinary team supports clinicians, researchers, and innovators in turning microbiome science into actionable medicine.
Divine Aleru
Overview 
Interventions 
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References Overview
Akkermansia muciniphila is a Gram‑negative, strictly anaerobic, mucin‑degrading bacterium belonging to the phylum Verrucomicrobiota that predominantly inhabits the mucus layer of the human colon, where it degrades host‑derived mucins and engages in cross‑feeding with other microbiota, producing short‑chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish host colonocytes and strengthen mucosal integrity.[1][2] First described in 2004 via enrichment culture from human feces, A. muciniphila constitutes 1–4 % of the healthy adult gut microbiota, with abundance patterns influenced by age, diet, diseases, and antibiotic exposure.[3][4] Its ecological niche at the oxic‑anoxic mucus interface and extensive repertoire of mucin‑degrading enzymes underpin its role as a key modulator of host metabolism, gut barrier function, and immune interactions; higher A. muciniphila abundance correlates inversely with obesity, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation across animal models and human cohorts, although mechanistic causality has been demonstrated primarily in preclinical systems with ongoing human investigation.[5]
Antibiotic Resistance
Although not classically opportunistic or pathogenic, A. muciniphila exhibits variable antibiotic susceptibility, with phenotypic and genomic studies identifying resistance phenotypes to aminoglycosides (gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin) and ciprofloxacin in strain DSM 22959 that align with resistome predictions; resistance appears largely intrinsic without evidence of mobile genetic element–mediated horizontal gene transfer.[6] Some isolates harbor the tetW gene associated with tetracycline resistance, while efflux pump genes (e.g., adeF) may contribute to reduced sensitivity to fluoroquinolones, though functional impact remains to be fully defined.[7] In vivo, antibiotic exposure can select for strain variants with promoter mutations (e.g., TEM‑type β‑lactamase) and metabolic pathway alterations that compromise beneficial host effects such as mitigation of obesity in murine models, indicating that antibiotic pressure can reshape A. muciniphila populations and potentially influence metabolic outcomes.[8]
Pathogenicity
Akkermansia muciniphila is not considered a classical pathogen and lacks well‑defined virulence factors typical of invasive or toxigenic bacteria; instead, its lifestyle as a mucus specialist positions it as a commensal symbiont.[9] There is no consistent clinical evidence linking A. muciniphila to disease via direct pathogenic mechanisms. Rather, its major host interactions involve modulation of gut barrier integrity, immune signaling, and metabolic pathways that contribute to host homeostasis.[10] However, because it degrades mucus, concerns have been raised that excessive mucin degradation under certain ecological imbalances could theoretically weaken mucosal defenses, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) states where mucus layer integrity is already compromised, though causative pathogenicity has not been established.[11] Conversely, higher A. muciniphila abundance typically correlates with healthier gut ecology and reduced inflammatory profiles, and its presence is frequently depleted rather than enriched in disease states such as IBD, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.[12]
Morphology
Akkeramansia muciniphila is a Gram‑negative, non‑motile, non‑spore‑forming bacterium with an oval to short rod shape measuring approximately 0.6–1 µm; it thrives under strict anaerobic conditions and is adapted to the oxic‑anoxic gradient of the gut mucus layer.[13] Its outer membrane lacks a canonical O‑antigen, forming lipooligosaccharide (LOS) structures that include acetylated fucose residues and variable lipid A moieties capable of engaging host Toll‑like receptors (TLRs).[14] Genomic analyses reveal abundant genes encoding glycosidases, sulfatases, and proteases that enable degradation of mucin O‑glycans and peptide backbones, liberating monosaccharides for fermentation into acetate and propionate that support both its growth and that of other commensals.[15]
Virulence Factors
Even though A. muciniphila is not pathogenic, certain molecular components facilitate host–microbe interactions and niche adaptation that, in other bacteria, resemble virulence mechanisms .
| Virulence Factor | Description and Role in Host Interaction / Modulation |
|---|---|
| Mucin‑degrading enzymes (glycosidases, sulfatases, proteases) | These enzymes cleave mucin O‑glycans and peptide backbones, enabling A. muciniphila to exploit mucus as a nutrient source and support cross‑feeding networks; they also influence mucosal turnover and barrier dynamics, which can have systemic effects on metabolism and immune regulation.[16][17] |
| Amuc_1100 (outer membrane protein) | A highly expressed surface protein that engages pattern‑recognition receptors such as TLR2/4, modulating epithelial and immune signaling toward barrier enhancement and reduced inflammation; this factor has been linked to immunomodulatory and metabolic effects.[18][19] |
| Amuc_1434 (adhesion factor) | Bioinformatic and in vitro evidence indicates this protein may mediate binding to human mucin MUC2, enhancing colonization of the mucus layer, which is critical for niche establishment and sustained host interaction.[20] |
| Extracellular Vesicles (EV components) | EVs carry bioactive molecules, including proteins and miRNAs such as let‑7i and Amuc_2172, that influence host gene expression, immune homeostasis, and gut immunity, representing a mechanism of microbe‑to‑host signaling beyond direct cell contact.[21] |
Metallomics
Although explicit metallomic profiling of A. muciniphila is currently limited, its genomic and biochemical features imply specific metal/ion dependencies typical of anaerobic gut microbes involved in mucin metabolism and host interactions.
| Metal / Ion | Key Features in Akkermansia muciniphila |
|---|---|
| Iron (Fe) | Likely required as a cofactor for redox enzymes and other oxidoreductases involved in energy metabolism and mucin degradation; iron acquisition systems support survival within competitive gut environments.[22] |
| Zinc (Zn) | Essential for structural stability and catalytic activity of zinc‑dependent proteases and glycosidases that break down complex carbohydrates within mucin.[23] |
Vulnerabilities
Understanding vulnerabilities in A. muciniphila identifies opportunities to support its beneficial roles or mitigate potential detrimental effects under dysbiosis.
| Vulnerability of Akkermansia muciniphila | Potential Therapeutic/Preventive Opportunity |
|---|---|
| Dependence on mucin availability | Therapies that boost mucus production (e.g., dietary fibers that enhance goblet cell mucin secretion) may foster colonization and function, enhancing gut barrier integrity.[24][25] |
| Sensitivity to broad‑spectrum antibiotics | Pre- or post-antibiotic interventions (prebiotics, targeted probiotics) can help restore A. muciniphila abundance and maintain metabolic and barrier functions.[26] |
Interventions
Intervention strategies involving A. muciniphila aim to harness its benefits for metabolic, immune, and barrier health.
| Intervention | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Prebiotics | Enhance mucus production and selective growth of A. muciniphila, supporting mucosal ecosystem dynamics and SCFA production.[27][28] |
| Live probiotic administration | Delivery of viable A. muciniphila to augment gut populations and functional interactions with host tissues; requires specialized anaerobic formulations.[29][30] |
| Pasteurized A. muciniphila | Pasteurization preserves immunomodulatory proteins like Amuc_1100 while reducing risks of live bacterial delivery, enhancing barrier and metabolic effects.[31] |
| Dietary modulation (polyphenols, fiber) | Alters ecological contexts to favor A. muciniphila abundance and activity, improving metabolic and inflammatory profiles through host–microbiome axes.[32] |
Research Feed
Akkermansia muciniphila in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: When, Where, and How?
July 23, 2018
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
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Akkermansia muciniphila and Gut Immune System: A Good Friendship That Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, and Diabetes
July 7, 2022
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases
September 5, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Functional Proteins of Akkermansia Muciniphila: Impacts on Host Health and Metabolism
December 27, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila
January 30, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila: biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential
October 15, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Characterization of antibiotic-resistance traits in Akkermansia muciniphila strains of human origin
November 12, 2022
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Antibiotic-associated changes in Akkermansia muciniphila alter its effects on host metabolic health
February 7, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila in infectious disease: A new target for this next-generation probiotic?
March 15, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders
August 27, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Excessive consumption of mucin by over-colonized Akkermansia muciniphila promotes intestinal barrier damage during malignant intestinal environment
March 2, 2023
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Breaking down barriers: is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful?
August 11, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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The lipooligosaccharide of the gut symbiont Akkermansia muciniphila exhibits a remarkable structure and TLR signaling capacity
September 27, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Mucin-degrading gut bacteria: context-dependent roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease
January 23, 2026
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Function and therapeutic potential of Amuc_1100, an outer membrane protein of Akkermansia muciniphila: A review
March 27, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila: new insights into resistance to gastrointestinal stress, adhesion, and protein interaction with human mucins through optimised in vitro trials and bioinformatics tools
November 5, 2024
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila extracellular vesicles: Function and theranostic potential in disease
March 18, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila MucT harnesses dietary polyphenols as xenosiderophores for enhanced iron uptake
October 24, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Structural and mechanistic insights into the cleavage of clustered O-glycan patches-containing glycoproteins by mucinases of the human gut
July 26, 2022
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice
January 9, 2026
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies
November 8, 2018
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Response of Akkermansia muciniphila to Bioactive Compounds: Effects on Its Abundance and Activity
July 23, 2025
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Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
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Akkermansia muciniphila: a microbial guardian against oxidative stress–gut microbiota crosstalk and clinical prospects
October 24, 2025
/
Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Triggering Akkermansia with dietary polyphenols: A new weapon to combat the metabolic syndrome?
February 22, 2016
/
Microbes •
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains the key types of microorganisms—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—along with major examples of pathogenic and beneficial species.
Alias iure reprehenderit aut accusantium. Molestiae dolore suscipit. Necessitatibus eum quaerat. Repudiandae suscipit quo necessitatibus. Voluptatibus ullam nulla temporibus nobis. Atque eaque sed totam est assumenda. Porro modi soluta consequuntur veritatis excepturi minus delectus reprehenderit est. Eveniet labore ut quas minima aliquid quibusdam. Vitae possimus fuga praesentium eveniet debitis exercitationem deleniti.
Create a free account to unlock this study summary.
Microbiome Insiders can read two study summaries for any topic on Microbiome.
Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
Short-chain fatty acids are microbially derived metabolites that regulate epithelial integrity, immune signaling, and microbial ecology. Their production patterns and mechanistic roles provide essential functional markers within microbiome signatures and support the interpretation of MBTIs, MMAs, and systems-level microbial shifts across clinical conditions.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
Microbes
Microbes are microscopic organisms living in and on the human body, shaping health through digestion, vitamin production, and immune protection. When microbial balance is disrupted, disease can occur. This guide explains key microbe types—bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and archaea—plus major pathogenic and beneficial examples.
References
- Akkermansia muciniphila in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: When, Where, and How?. Geerlings, S. Y., Kostopoulos, I., & Belzer, C. (2018).. (Microorganisms, 6(3), 75.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila and Gut Immune System: A Good Friendship That Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, and Diabetes.. Rodrigues, V. F., Elias-Oliveira, J., Pereira, Í. S., Pereira, J. A., Barbosa, S. C., Gonsalez Machado, M. S., & Carlos, D. (2022).. (Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 934695.)
- The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases.. Jiang, P., Ji, S., Su, D., Zhao, Y., Esperanca Goncalves, V. B., Xu, G., & Zhang, M. (2024).. (Microbiome Research Reports, 3(4), 47.)
- Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila.. Aja, E., Zeng, A., Gray, W., Connelley, K., Chaganti, A., & Jacobs, J. P. (2025).. (Nutrients, 17(3).)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.. Ioannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).. (Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.)
- Characterization of antibiotic-resistance traits in Akkermansia muciniphila strains of human origin.. Filardi, R., Gargari, G., Mora, D., & Arioli, S. (2022).. (Scientific Reports, 12, 19426.)
- Characterization of antibiotic-resistance traits in Akkermansia muciniphila strains of human origin.. Filardi, R., Gargari, G., Mora, D., & Arioli, S. (2022).. (Scientific Reports, 12, 19426.)
- Antibiotic-associated changes in Akkermansia muciniphila alter its effects on host metabolic health.. Han, Y., Teng, T.M., Han, J. et al.. (Microbiome 13, 48 (2025).)
- Akkermansia muciniphila in infectious disease: A new target for this next-generation probiotic?. Keane, J. M., Cazzaniga, M., & Gahan, C. G. (2024).. (Science Progress, 107(1), 00368504241231159.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders.. Zhao, Y., Yang, H., Wu, P., Yang, S., Xue, W., Xu, B., … Xu, D. (2024).. (Virulence, 15(1).)
- Excessive consumption of mucin by over-colonized Akkermansia muciniphila promotes intestinal barrier damage during malignant intestinal environment.. Qu, S., Zheng, Y., Huang, Y., Feng, Y., Xu, K., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Nie, K., & Qin, M. (2023).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1111911.)
- Breaking down barriers: Is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful?. Tingler, A. M., & Engevik, M. A. (2025).. (Infection and Immunity, 93(9), e00503-24.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.. Ioannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).. (Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.)
- The lipooligosaccharide of the gut symbiont Akkermansia muciniphila exhibits a remarkable structure and TLR signaling capacity.. Garcia-Vello, P., P Tytgat, H. L., Elzinga, J., Hul, M. V., Plovier, H., Tiemblo-Martin, M., Cani, P. D., Nicolardi, S., Fragai, M., Castro, C. D., Lorenzo, F. D., Silipo, A., & Molinaro, A. (2024).. (Nature Communications, 15, 8411.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.. Ioannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).. (Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.. Ioannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).. (Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.)
- Mucin-degrading gut bacteria: Context-dependent roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease.. Tiffany, E., Kim, K. S., Sittipo, P., Lee, D. W., & Lee, Y. K. (2026).. (Gut Microbes, 18(1), 2614054.)
- Functional Proteins of Akkermansia Muciniphila: Impacts on Host Health and Metabolism. b. Safari, F., Golafshan, F., Malekpour, E. et al.. (Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2025).)
- Function and therapeutic potential of Amuc_1100, an outer membrane protein of Akkermansia muciniphila: A review.. Wu, X., Yu, D., Ma, Y., Fang, X., & Sun, P. (2025).. (International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 308, 142442.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: New insights into resistance to gastrointestinal stress, adhesion, and protein interaction with human mucins through optimised in vitro trials and bioinformatics tools.. Vergalito, F., Bagnoli, D., Maiuro, L., Pannella, G., Palombo, V., Testa, B., Coppola, F., Di Marco, R. M., Tremonte, P., Lombardi, S. J., Iorizzo, M., Coppola, R., & Succi, M. (2024).. (Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1462220.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila extracellular vesicles: Function and theranostic potential in disease.. Wang, Y., Lin, W., Wu, S., He, X., Ou, Z., & Zheng, L. (2025).. (LabMed Discovery, 2(1), 100060.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila MucT harnesses dietary polyphenols as xenosiderophores for enhanced iron uptake.. Rodríguez-Daza, M. C., Boeren, S., Tytgat, H. L., Desjardins, Y., & De Vos, W. M. (2025).. (Nature Communications, 16(1), 9428.)
- Structural and mechanistic insights into the cleavage of clustered O-glycan patches-containing glycoproteins by mucinases of the human gut.. Taleb, V., Liao, Q., Narimatsu, Y., García-García, A., Compañón, I., Borges, R. J., González-Ramírez, A. M., Corzana, F., Clausen, H., Rovira, C., & Hurtado-Guerrero, R. (2022).. (Nature Communications, 13, 4324.)
- Breaking down barriers: Is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful?. Tingler, A. M., & Engevik, M. A. (2025).. (Infection and Immunity, 93(9), e00503-24.)
- Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.. Paone, P., Petitfils, C., Puel, A., Latousakis, D., Delzenne, N. M., Juge, N., Hul, M. V., & Cani, P. D. (2026).. (Gut Microbes, 18(1), 2612580.)
- Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies.. Zhou, K. (2017).. (Journal of Functional Foods, 33, 194.)
- Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies.. Zhou, K. (2017).. (Journal of Functional Foods, 33, 194.)
- Response of Akkermansia muciniphila to Bioactive Compounds: Effects on Its Abundance and Activity.. Temis-Cortina, J. A., Prada-Ramírez, H. A., Ríos-Guerra, H., Espinosa-Raya, J., & Gómez-Pliego, R. (2025).. (Fermentation, 11(8).)
- Response of Akkermansia muciniphila to Bioactive Compounds: Effects on Its Abundance and Activity.. Temis-Cortina, J. A., Prada-Ramírez, H. A., Ríos-Guerra, H., Espinosa-Raya, J., & Gómez-Pliego, R. (2025).. (Fermentation, 11(8).)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders.. Zhao, Y., Yang, H., Wu, P., Yang, S., Xue, W., Xu, B., … Xu, D. (2024).. (Virulence, 15(1).)
- Akkermansia muciniphila: A microbial guardian against oxidative stress–gut microbiota crosstalk and clinical prospects.. Ye, W. Y., & Cai, Y. (2025).. (Journal of Translational Medicine, 23, 1169.)
- Triggering Akkermansia with dietary polyphenols: A new weapon to combat the metabolic syndrome?. Anhê, F. F., Pilon, G., Roy, D., Desjardins, Y., Levy, E., & Marette, A. (2016).. (Gut Microbes, 7(2), 146–153.)
Geerlings, S. Y., Kostopoulos, I., & Belzer, C. (2018).
Akkermansia muciniphila in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: When, Where, and How?Microorganisms, 6(3), 75.
Read ReviewRodrigues, V. F., Elias-Oliveira, J., Pereira, Í. S., Pereira, J. A., Barbosa, S. C., Gonsalez Machado, M. S., & Carlos, D. (2022).
Akkermansia muciniphila and Gut Immune System: A Good Friendship That Attenuates Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity, and Diabetes.Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 934695.
Read ReviewJiang, P., Ji, S., Su, D., Zhao, Y., Esperanca Goncalves, V. B., Xu, G., & Zhang, M. (2024).
The biofunction of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal-related diseases.Microbiome Research Reports, 3(4), 47.
Read ReviewAja, E., Zeng, A., Gray, W., Connelley, K., Chaganti, A., & Jacobs, J. P. (2025).
Health Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Gut Microbe Akkermansia muciniphila.Nutrients, 17(3).
Read ReviewIoannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.
Read ReviewFilardi, R., Gargari, G., Mora, D., & Arioli, S. (2022).
Characterization of antibiotic-resistance traits in Akkermansia muciniphila strains of human origin.Scientific Reports, 12, 19426.
Read ReviewFilardi, R., Gargari, G., Mora, D., & Arioli, S. (2022).
Characterization of antibiotic-resistance traits in Akkermansia muciniphila strains of human origin.Scientific Reports, 12, 19426.
Read ReviewHan, Y., Teng, T.M., Han, J. et al.
Antibiotic-associated changes in Akkermansia muciniphila alter its effects on host metabolic health.Microbiome 13, 48 (2025).
Read ReviewKeane, J. M., Cazzaniga, M., & Gahan, C. G. (2024).
Akkermansia muciniphila in infectious disease: A new target for this next-generation probiotic?Science Progress, 107(1), 00368504241231159.
Read ReviewZhao, Y., Yang, H., Wu, P., Yang, S., Xue, W., Xu, B., … Xu, D. (2024).
Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders.Virulence, 15(1).
Read ReviewQu, S., Zheng, Y., Huang, Y., Feng, Y., Xu, K., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Nie, K., & Qin, M. (2023).
Excessive consumption of mucin by over-colonized Akkermansia muciniphila promotes intestinal barrier damage during malignant intestinal environment.Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1111911.
Read ReviewTingler, A. M., & Engevik, M. A. (2025).
Breaking down barriers: Is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful?Infection and Immunity, 93(9), e00503-24.
Read ReviewIoannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.
Read ReviewGarcia-Vello, P., P Tytgat, H. L., Elzinga, J., Hul, M. V., Plovier, H., Tiemblo-Martin, M., Cani, P. D., Nicolardi, S., Fragai, M., Castro, C. D., Lorenzo, F. D., Silipo, A., & Molinaro, A. (2024).
The lipooligosaccharide of the gut symbiont Akkermansia muciniphila exhibits a remarkable structure and TLR signaling capacity.Nature Communications, 15, 8411.
Read ReviewIoannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.
Read ReviewIoannou, A., Berkhout, M. D., Geerlings, S. Y., & Belzer, C. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila: Biology, microbial ecology, host interactions and therapeutic potential.Nature Reviews Microbiology, 23(3), 162-177.
Read ReviewTiffany, E., Kim, K. S., Sittipo, P., Lee, D. W., & Lee, Y. K. (2026).
Mucin-degrading gut bacteria: Context-dependent roles in intestinal homeostasis and disease.Gut Microbes, 18(1), 2614054.
Read ReviewSafari, F., Golafshan, F., Malekpour, E. et al.
Functional Proteins of Akkermansia Muciniphila: Impacts on Host Health and Metabolism. bProbiotics & Antimicro. Prot. (2025).
Read ReviewWu, X., Yu, D., Ma, Y., Fang, X., & Sun, P. (2025).
Function and therapeutic potential of Amuc_1100, an outer membrane protein of Akkermansia muciniphila: A review.International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 308, 142442.
Read ReviewVergalito, F., Bagnoli, D., Maiuro, L., Pannella, G., Palombo, V., Testa, B., Coppola, F., Di Marco, R. M., Tremonte, P., Lombardi, S. J., Iorizzo, M., Coppola, R., & Succi, M. (2024).
Akkermansia muciniphila: New insights into resistance to gastrointestinal stress, adhesion, and protein interaction with human mucins through optimised in vitro trials and bioinformatics tools.Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1462220.
Read ReviewWang, Y., Lin, W., Wu, S., He, X., Ou, Z., & Zheng, L. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila extracellular vesicles: Function and theranostic potential in disease.LabMed Discovery, 2(1), 100060.
Read ReviewRodríguez-Daza, M. C., Boeren, S., Tytgat, H. L., Desjardins, Y., & De Vos, W. M. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila MucT harnesses dietary polyphenols as xenosiderophores for enhanced iron uptake.Nature Communications, 16(1), 9428.
Read ReviewTaleb, V., Liao, Q., Narimatsu, Y., García-García, A., Compañón, I., Borges, R. J., González-Ramírez, A. M., Corzana, F., Clausen, H., Rovira, C., & Hurtado-Guerrero, R. (2022).
Structural and mechanistic insights into the cleavage of clustered O-glycan patches-containing glycoproteins by mucinases of the human gut.Nature Communications, 13, 4324.
Read ReviewTingler, A. M., & Engevik, M. A. (2025).
Breaking down barriers: Is intestinal mucus degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila beneficial or harmful?Infection and Immunity, 93(9), e00503-24.
Read ReviewPaone, P., Petitfils, C., Puel, A., Latousakis, D., Delzenne, N. M., Juge, N., Hul, M. V., & Cani, P. D. (2026).
Akkermansia muciniphila modulates intestinal mucus composition to counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.Gut Microbes, 18(1), 2612580.
Read ReviewZhou, K. (2017).
Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies.Journal of Functional Foods, 33, 194.
Read ReviewZhou, K. (2017).
Strategies to promote abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, an emerging probiotics in the gut, evidence from dietary intervention studies.Journal of Functional Foods, 33, 194.
Read ReviewTemis-Cortina, J. A., Prada-Ramírez, H. A., Ríos-Guerra, H., Espinosa-Raya, J., & Gómez-Pliego, R. (2025).
Response of Akkermansia muciniphila to Bioactive Compounds: Effects on Its Abundance and Activity.Fermentation, 11(8).
Read ReviewTemis-Cortina, J. A., Prada-Ramírez, H. A., Ríos-Guerra, H., Espinosa-Raya, J., & Gómez-Pliego, R. (2025).
Response of Akkermansia muciniphila to Bioactive Compounds: Effects on Its Abundance and Activity.Fermentation, 11(8).
Read ReviewZhao, Y., Yang, H., Wu, P., Yang, S., Xue, W., Xu, B., … Xu, D. (2024).
Akkermansia muciniphila: A promising probiotic against inflammation and metabolic disorders.Virulence, 15(1).
Read ReviewYe, W. Y., & Cai, Y. (2025).
Akkermansia muciniphila: A microbial guardian against oxidative stress–gut microbiota crosstalk and clinical prospects.Journal of Translational Medicine, 23, 1169.
Read ReviewAnhê, F. F., Pilon, G., Roy, D., Desjardins, Y., Levy, E., & Marette, A. (2016).
Triggering Akkermansia with dietary polyphenols: A new weapon to combat the metabolic syndrome?Gut Microbes, 7(2), 146–153.
Read Review